PUNCTUATION
Comma, Dash, Colon
Comma
- is used before a coordinating conjunction ( and, but, or etc) that links independent clauses.
- is used after an introductory adverb clause and, often, after an introductory phrase(unless the phrase is short).
- is used to separate items in a series.
- is used to set off non-restrictive elements and after other parenthetical elements. A non-restrictive modifier is a phrase or clause that is not a must (does not limit the meaning the statement that is modified). You should usually set off non-restrictive elements with comma. You should not set off restrictive elements with commas.
- is used to precede “and” is optional unless needed to prevent misreading.
Superfluous Commas
- Do not use a comma to separate the subject from its predicate.
- Do not use a comma to separate a verb from its object, or its subject complement, or a preposition from its object.
- Do not misuse a comma after a coordinating conjunctiond.
- Do not use a comma to set off words and short phrases (especially introductory ones) that are not parenthetical or that are very slightly.
- Do not use a comma to set off restrictive elements.
- Do not use a comma before the first item or after the last item of a series
Dash
Placing parenthetical statement between dashes has the opposite effect; it emphasizes the material.
Colon
- You use a colon only after an independent clause.
- You may not use a colon between a verb and its object or subject complement, or between a preposition and its object.
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